Citation Tools

Backward reference searching, also known as chain searching, involves identifying and examining the references or works cited in an article.  It is done for the following reasons:

• Learn about the development of knowledge on a topic. 
• Study the origins and development of a theory, construct, or model of interest. 
• Identify experts, institutions or organizations that specialize in a topic of research.

A second-level or second-generation backward reference search is when a researcher examines sources cited by the references used in an initial article.  This allows a researcher to identify inconsistencies in the literature.  Third-level or third-generation searches are where the references of articles located in a second-level or second-generation reference search are examined.  These searches can also go further back.

Backward Author Searching.  The works of an author can be examined by doing a backward reference search.  This allows a researcher to review an author's previous work and publications, and also the development of their research.

Image Source:  Finch, W.H., & Hernandez Finch, M. E. (2020).  Poverty and COVID-19: Rates of incidence and deaths in the United States during the first 10 weeks of the pandemic.  Frontiers in Sociology, 5:47.  DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.00047

Tools for Backward Searching (Available Through the FAU Libraries)

Web of Science databases @ FAU Libraries